上世纪90年代初现代胸腔镜技术—电视胸腔镜外科（Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery，VATS）开始应用于胸部疾病的诊断和治疗。VATS中需要应用单侧肺通气（One Lung Ventilation，OLV）来完成。OLV可使手术侧肺萎陷，不仅有利于明确病变位置和范围，创造清晰的术野和宽敞的空间以利于观察和操作，还可以减少对非手术肺叶的损伤。VATS中OLV方法有双腔支气管导管插管，支气管阻塞器插管和非插管自主单侧肺通气等,而单腔支气管插管目前已基本淘汰，仅在急症插管等特殊病例中出现。本文结束和讨论OLV各种方法的特点和临床应用进展。

In early 1990s, thoracoscope developed into a modern thoracoscopic technology —Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS), and was applied to the diagnosis and treatment of chest diseases. The completion of VATS needs the assistance of One Lung Ventilation (OLV). OLV leads to the atelectasis of operated lung side, which on one hand clarifies the location and scope of lesion, shows a clearer vision field for more space for surgeon’s observation and surgical operation, on other hand reduces potential injury on non-operated side. The OLV with VATS method includes double-lumen endobronchial tube (DLT) intubation, bronchial blocker (BB) intubation and nonintubated autonomous one lung ventilation etc. Now people don’t adopt single-lumen endobronchial tube intubation any more except for special cases, such as for accident or emergency intubation. This article discussed the characteristics and progresses in these methods.