Abstract: In early 1990s, thoracoscope developed into a modern thoracoscopic technology —Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS), and was applied to the diagnosis and treatment of chest diseases. The completion of VATS needs the assistance of One Lung Ventilation (OLV). OLV leads to the atelectasis of operated lung side, which on one hand clarifies the location and scope of lesion, shows a clearer vision field for more space for surgeon’s observation and surgical operation, on other hand reduces potential injury on non-operated side. The OLV with VATS method includes double-lumen endobronchial tube (DLT) intubation, bronchial blocker (BB) intubation and nonintubated autonomous one lung ventilation etc. Now people don’t adopt single-lumen endobronchial tube intubation any more except for special cases, such as for accident or emergency intubation. This article discussed the characteristics and progresses in these methods.