Artificial intelligence （AI） and generative pre-trained transformer （GPT） have shown unique value in the field of surgery. Through deep learning, AI can quickly process massive medical data, providing reliable support for image recognition, disease prediction, and surgical plan optimization. For example, AI can integrate patient genomic information, lifestyle habits, and medical history characteristics to tailor diagnosis and treatment recommendations. GPT can also simulate clinical decision-making mechanisms to assist in treatment planning for complex cases. The application of internet of things （IoT） technology in the field of surgery can enable efficient sharing and collaborative cooperation of cross-regional medical resources. By collecting and transmitting physiological indicator data in real time, physicians can fully control patient's condition and achieve precise surgical control and remote collaboration. During remote surgery, IoT can instantly transmit surgical field details to remote experts, bringing high-quality medical services to remote areas. Metaverse technology uses virtual reality （VR） and augmented reality （AR） to revolutionize traditional surgical training methods. By constructing a patient's organ model through 3D reconstruction technology, physicians can intuitively plan surgical plans. Immersive virtual operating rooms provide a safe, hands-on environment for medical students and trainee physicians. This innovative training system not only significantly improves teaching efficiency, but also shortens the clinical skills training cycle. With the continuous progress and deep integration of AI, IoT, and metaverse technologies, surgical diagnosis and treatment will enter a more intelligent development stage. The formulation of personalized medical plans, the optimal allocation of resources, and the high-simulation surgical training system will become a reality. The collaborative application of these innovative achievements will comprehensively leverage surgical diagnosis and treatment and service capabilities.
[1] Chavez MR, Butler TS, RekawekP, et al. Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer: why we should embrace this technology[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol,2023,228(6):706-711
[2] Au Yeung J, Shek A, Searle T, et al.Natural language processing data services for healthcare providers[J]. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak,2024,24(1):356.
[3] Calvillo-Arbizu J, Roman-Martinez I, Reina-Tosina J.Internet of things in health: requirements, issues, and gaps[J]. Comput Methods Programs Biomed,2021,9208:106231.
[4] Ghaednia H, Fourman MS, Lans A, et al.Augmented and virtual reality in spine surgery, current applications and future potentials[J]. Spine J,2021,21(10):1617-1625.
[5] 顾建英,宋振举,白春学. 拥抱新质生产力,开创医学新时代[J]. 元宇宙医学,2024,1(3):1-2.
[6] Cheng K, Sun Z, He Y, et al.The potential impact of ChatGPT/GPT-4 on surgery: will it topple the profession of surgeons?[J]. Int J Surg,2023,109(5):1545-1547.
[7] Ray PP.Revisiting the need for the use of GPT in surgery and medicine[J]. Tech Coloproctol,2023,27(10):959-960.
[8] Lu ZX, Qian P, Bi D, et al.Application of AI and IoT in clinical medicine: summary and challenges[J]. Curr Med Sci,2021,41(6):1134-1150.
[9] Allgaier M, Amini A, Neyazi B, et al.VR-based training of craniotomy for intracranial aneurysm surgery[J]. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg,2022,17(3):449-456.
[10] Aleem MU, Khan JA, YounesA, et al. Enhancing thoracic surgery with AI: a review of current practices and emerging trends[J]. Curr Oncol,2024,31(10):6232-6244.
[11] Fazlollahi AM, Bakhaidar M, Alsayegh A, et al.Effect of artificial intelligence tutoring vs expert instruction on learning simulated surgical skills among medical students: a randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA Netw Open, 2022,5(2):e2149008.
[12] 白春学. 肺结节专家——BAIMGPT白皮书[J].元宇宙医学,2025,2(2):55-64.
[13] Zhang L, Shao Y, Chen G, et al.An artificial intelligence-assisted diagnostic system for the prediction of benignity and malignancy of pulmonary nodules and its practical value for patients with different clinical characteristics[J].Front Med (Lausanne) 2023,22(10):1286433.
[14] Melazzini L, Bortolotto C, Brizzi L, et al.AI for image quality and patient safety in CT and MRI[J]. Eur Radiol Exp,2025,9(1):28.
[15] 柳华溢,陈思源,熊彦韬,等. 通过人工智能与医疗元宇宙提升阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与肺结节的早期检测[J].元宇宙医学,2025,2(2):47-54.
[16] Zheng B, Yang D, Zhu Y,et al.3D gray density coding feature for benign-malignant pulmonary nodule classification on chest CT[J]. Med Phys,2021,48(12):7826-7836.
[17] Moglia A, Georgiou K, Georgiou E, et al.A systematic review on artificial intelligence in robot-assisted surgery[J]. Int J Surg, 2021,11(95):106151.
[18] Peng C, Yang X, Chen A, et al.A study of generative large language model for medical research and healthcare[J]. NPJ Digit Med,2023,6(1):210.
[19] Mulita F, Verras GI, Anagnostopoulos CN, et al.A smarter health through the internet of surgical things[J].Sensors (Basel),2022,22(12):4577.
[20] 高承实. 人工智能的发展及其在元宇宙医学中的应用前景[J].元宇宙医学,2024,1(1):28-34.
[21] Ammendola M, Memeo R, Al Ansari M.The revolution of metaverse in surgery: a mini-review with video[J].Updates Surg,2024,76(5):1699-1703.
[22] Hartung T, Deng J, Mall R, et al.Editorial: insights in AI: medicine and public health 2022[J].Front Artif Intell,2023,5(6):1166426.
[23] Wrightson JG, Blazey P, Moher D, et al.GPT for RCTs? Using AI to determine adherence to clinical trial reporting guidelines[J]. BMJ Open,2025,15(3):e088735.
[24] Crossnohere NL, Elsaid M, Paskett J, et al.Guidelines for artificial intelligence in medicine: literature review and content analysis of frameworks[J]. J Med Internet Res,2022,24(8):e36823.
[25] Magalhaes R, Oliveira A, Terroso D, et al.Mixed reality in the operating room: a systematic review[J]. J Med Syst,2024,48(1):76.
[26] Esmaeilzadeh P.Challenges and strategies for wide-scale artificial intelligence (AI) deployment in healthcare practices: a perspective for healthcare organizations[J]. Artif Intell Med,2024,5(151):102861.
[27] Vlahou A, Hallinan D, Apweiler R, et al.Data sharing under the general data protection regulation: time to harmonize law and research ethics?[J]. Hypertension,2021,77(4):1029-1035.
[28] Sharma B, Koundal D, Ramadan RA, et al.Emerging sensor communication network-based AI/ML driven intelligent IoT[J].Sensors (Basel),2023,23(18):7814.
[29] 崔岩,吴海波,高承实. 元宇宙医学与新质生产力[J]. 元宇宙医学,2024,1(3):11-15.
[30] Fabbrizio A, Fucarino A, Cantoia M, et al.Smart devices for health and wellness applied to tele-exercise: an overview of new trends and technologies such as IoT and AI[J]. Healthcare (Basel),2023,11(12):1805.
[31] Lin PY, Chen TC, Lin CJ, et al.The use of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) in dental surgery education and practice: a narrative review[J]. J Dent Sci,2024,19(Suppl 2):S91-S101.
[32] 白春学. 医学新质生产力之我见[J].元宇宙医学,2024,1(3):3-10.
