Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous vertebroplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.Methods From August 2016 to May 2019, a total of 84 patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures treated in our hospital were enrolled in the study, and divided into traditional treatment group and percutaneous vertebroplasty group by random number table method.Traditional non-surgical method was administered to patients in the traditional treatment group (n=42), and percutaneous vertebroplasty was performed in the percutaneous vertebroplasty group (n=42).The differences in VAS pain score, vertebral compression rate, Cobb angle of injured vertebral body, and ADL score of daily living activities between the two groups were compared.Results After treatment, the VAS pain score (1.48±0.15), vertebral compression rate (16.58±7.15), Cobb angle [(9.23±3.11)°], and ADL score (21.08±0.45) in the percutaneous vertebroplasty group were significantly lower than those in the traditional treatment group (P<0.05).Conclusion Compared with the traditional conservative method, percutaneous vertebroplasty is more effective and safer in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, as it can significantly alleviate patients’pain degree and improve their daily living activities, thus it is worthy of clinical application.