Objective To analyze the effects of two vertebroplasty procedures in the elderly with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture （OVCF）. Methods A total of 210 patients with OVCF admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to October 2022 were selected as study subjects. According to different surgical methods, they were divided into a percutaneous vertebroplasty （PVP） group and a percutaneous kyphoplasty （PKP） group, with 105 cases in each group, and the therapeutic effects of the two groups were recorded. Results Operation duration, intraoperative blood loss, and bone cement volume in the PKP group were significantly lower than those in the PVP group （P<0.05）. The excellent and good rate of treatment of the PKP group was significantly higher than that of the PVP group （P<0.05）. Before surgery, there were no significant differences in spinal function, Cobb angle, pain degree, and daily living activities between the two groups （P>0.05）. One month after surgery, spinal function, Cobb angle, pain degree, and daily living activities were significantly improved in both groups, and the PKP group was significantly better than the PVP group （P<0.05）. The complication rate of the PKP group was significantly lower than that of the PVP group （P<0.05）. Conclusion Compared with PVP, PKP can significantly shorten the duration of surgery, reduce intraoperative blood loss and the amount of bone cement perfusion, improve spinal function, Cobb angle, and daily living activities, and increase the rate of excellent and good treatment.